Haircut
The reduction in an asset's value to calculate the capital requirement, margin and collateral level
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What is a Haircut (in Finance)?
In finance, a haircut refers to the reduction applied to the value of an asset for the purpose of calculating the capital requirement, margin, and collateral level. In other words, it is the difference between the amount of a loan given and the market value of the asset to be used as collateral for the loan. The value reduction is expressed in the form of a percentage.
A haircut can also be referred to as the complement of the loan-to-value ratio (when added together, they make 100%). For example, when central banks lend money to commercial banks, the central bank asks for collateral. However, it will apply a haircut – a reduction in the value of the collateral. Let’s say, an asset worth $1 million at market price, given a haircut of 30%, would only be sufficient to collateralize a loan for $700,000. By devaluing the assets provided as collateral, the lender gets a cushion, a measure of risk protection to defend against market value drops.
The level of haircut is decided by the level of risk surrounding the loan. The level of risk is determined by considering all factors that may result in a drop in the market value of the collateral. Some of the variables that can influence the amount of a haircut include interest rates, creditworthiness, and the collateral’s liquidity.
Other definitions of a Haircut
A haircut can also be referred to as the difference between the buying and selling price of a stock share, bond, futures or options contract, or any other financial instrument. The difference is generally the handling fee for the transaction.
In common financial jargon, a haircut is also used to describe a financial loss on an investment. To “take a haircut” corresponds to accepting or receiving less than what was owed.
Variables affecting the amount of haircut
The lender needs to consider the amount of risk he would face in the event of not being able to sell the asset (collateral) for a sufficient amount of money in case of default by the borrower.
If the price of the asset is predictable, or there are less potential risks associated with it, the haircut will be lower. This is because the lender can be more certain that the loan can be recovered if they must liquidate the collateral. For example, government securities dealers commonly use T-bills for collateral when making overnight borrowing deals (repurchase agreements). In cases like this, the haircut is negligible because of the high level of certainty regarding the aforementioned (low) risk associated with T-bills.
On the other hand, when used as collateral, securities whose prices are highly volatile tend to have high haircuts.
The amount of haircut also depends on how liquid the collateral is. If the asset is highly liquid, then it will be easy to sell it quickly without any loss of value. Hence, a smaller reduction will be imposed. An asset which is much harder to sell for fair market value will carry a larger haircut. Government bonds are safe and liquid instruments. Hence, they carry a much smaller haircut as compared to other financial instruments.
Haircuts play an important role in facilitating many kinds of trades, such as repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements.
Additional resources
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